![]() Ideally, public health practitioners should always incorporate scientific evidence in selecting and implementing programs, developing policies, and evaluating progress ( 23, 107). Society pays a high opportunity cost when interventions that yield the highest health return on an investment are not implemented ( 55). In practice, intervention decisions are often based on perceived short-term opportunities, lacking systematic planning and review of the best evidence regarding effective approaches. ![]() ![]() These concerns were noted two decades ago when the Institute of Medicine determined that decision making in public health is often driven by “crises, hot issues, and concerns of organized interest groups” (p. Barriers to implementing EBPH include the political environment and deficits in relevant and timely research, information systems, resources, leadership, and the required competencies ( 4, 7, 23, 78).
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